Composite ((a)–(c))surface air temperature and ((d)–(f)) precipitation  anomalies over the European continent averaged from lag(？2) to lag(+2) days for the blocking events over: ((a), (d)) Greenland, ((b), (e)) EAWE, and (c, f) east Europe. Thick solid (dotted) lines in the shaded area denote the positive (negative) anomaly region above the 99% confidence level for a two-sided Student’s t-test. The units of temperature (precipitation) anomaly are °C (mm). The correlation distribution of ((g)–(i)) the surface air temperature and ((j)–(l)) precipitation with winter mean blocking frequency time series for the blocking events over: ((g), (j)) Greenland, ((h), (k)) EAWE, and ((i), (l)) east Europe. The shaded area indicates the correlation coefficients above the 99% confidence level for a correlation test.