A team of international scientists, led by the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP) at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, have detected aerosols from the Hunga Tonga eruption in the Northern Hemisphere stratospheric westerlies for the first time. The Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcano, located in the southern hemisphere, erupted in January 2022, spewing ash and gas into the atmosphere, making it one of the largest eruptions in recent years. This significant and unexpected discovery, published in
Science Bulletin on March 2, 2023, will aid in simulating the physical and chemical processes in volcanic plumes.
The purpose of the campaign, called the Sounding Water vapor, Ozone, and Particle (SWOP) campaign, is to better understand the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of atmospheric compositions over the Tibetan Plateau. Capturing the volcanic aerosols from the Hunga Tonga eruption, according to Prof. BIAN Jianchun, an IAP scientist and a team leader of the SWOP campaign, was unexpected.
"We happen to have captured the volcanic aerosols from the Hunga Tonga eruption 12 weeks after it erupted. To my knowledge, it's the first time it's been detected at the stratospheric westerlies in the Northern Hemisphere," said Prof. BIAN.
The Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcano, located in the South Pacific Ocean, erupted in January 2022, spewing ash and gas into the atmosphere. The eruption was one of the largest in recent years and was closely monitored by scientists worldwide.
Large uncertainties still remain in understanding the physical properties and evolutionary process of volcanic aerosols in the stratosphere, particularly SO2 oxidation in volcanic plumes and clouds and the interaction between ash and sulfate aerosols after volcanic eruptions. In situ measurements obtained in volcanic plumes, especially measurements of the microphysical parameters of volcanic aerosols, provide compelling evidence that reduces these uncertainties. However, it is difficult to obtain these parameters, especially during the occurrence of volcanic eruptions.
During the SWOP campaign carried out over the Tibetan Plateau, a balloon-borne payload consisting of the Compact Optical Backscatter Aerosol Detector (COBALD) and the Portable Optical Particle Spectrometer (POPS) was released in Lijiang, Yunan province on 9 April 2022. Unexpectedly, the balloon captured the size spectrum of volcanic aerosols at 24–25 km.
Dr. BAI Zhixuan and his colleagues launched a balloon in Golmud, Qinghai province on March 2021, as part of the SWOP campaign (Image by CHEN Zhixiong)
The Hunga Tonga volcanic aerosol was identified by the size distribution of the aerosol diameter, which was centered at approximately 0.42–1.27 μm, larger than the background mode (0.22–0.42 μm) of stratospheric aerosols, and particle number densities of approximately 1 cm-3. The backscatter ratios (BSRs) derived from the COBALD measurements at 455 nm and 940 nm both show enhanced aerosol signals between 24 and 25 km. Additionally, measurements show that the aerosol and water vapor layers were separated in the Hunga Tonga plume.
The findings suggest that volcanic eruptions have potential impact on regional and global atmospheric circulation and climate, even when thousands of kilometers away from the source. The possible mechanisms that led to the separation of aerosol and water vapor layers in the Hunga Tonga plume will be examined in a future study.
Reference: Bian, J., D. Li, Z. Bai, J. Xu, Q. Li, H. Wang, H. V？mel, F. G. Wienhold, T. Peter, 2023: First detection of aerosols of the Hunga Tonga eruption in the Northern Hemisphere stratospheric westerlies, Science Bulletin, 68, 574-577, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2023.03.002
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